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Finance GlossaryBear Market
Bear Market
Definition of Bear Market
A bear market is a period of continuous decline in the stock or commodity market.
Typically, investors believe that a bear market has arrived when a stock, commodity, or entire index fall by 20% or more from its most recent highs.
The onset of a bear market is generally in tandem with poor economic conditions.
Typically, investors believe that a bear market has arrived when a stock, commodity, or entire index fall by 20% or more from its most recent highs.
The onset of a bear market is generally in tandem with poor economic conditions.
Related Terms
Primary Market
The primary market is where the securities are created and first issued to investors. This is where companies raise funds by selling stocks and bonds. Key activities in the primary market are Initial Public Offerings (IPOs), Further Public Offerings (FPOs), and rights issues. The proceeds from these sales go directly to the issuing company or government entity.
Passive Investing
Passive Investing is an investment strategy where the goal is to mimic the performance of an index representing a broad market, as opposed to attempting to beat the market through active stock picking or market timing. The purpose is to have market returns with minimum costs. This strategy is implemented mostly in Index Funds and exchange-traded funds (ETFs). Passive investing is characterised by low expense ratios and steady performance in the long term, thus avoiding potential human error or poor fund manager decisions.
Authorized Capital
Authorized capital or authorized share capital is the maximum amount of capital for which shares can be issued by a company to its shareholders.
Or in other words, authorized capital denotes all the shares across all the categories that a company could issue if it wanted to raise money.
Or in other words, authorized capital denotes all the shares across all the categories that a company could issue if it wanted to raise money.
Pip
PIP stands for Point in Percentage and is the smallest unit of price movement of a currency pair, which is used mostly in forex trading. Pips are used by traders to calculate the spread between the bid and ask prices of the currency pair, and express the profit or loss that their position has made. It is usually one hundredth of a percent, and can have a significant effect on the overall exchange rate.
Beta Coefficient
Beta coefficient is used to measure the volatility of stocks in relation to changes in the market. Basically, Beta helps investors understand the risks associated with a stock compared to the market.
The formula to calculate the Beta coefficient is:
Beta (β) = Covariance (Ri, Rm) / Variance (Rm)
Where:
The formula to calculate the Beta coefficient is:
Beta (β) = Covariance (Ri, Rm) / Variance (Rm)
Where:
- Ri = a stock's return
- Rm = overall market's return
- Covariance = ups & downs of stock returns versus ups & downs of market returns
- Variance = the difference between market returns and its average
Generally, Beta values are of four types:
- Beta < 1.0: stock less volatile than the market
- Beta = 1.0: stock just as volatile as the market
- Beta > 1.0: stock more volatile than the market
- Negative Beta: stock shares inverse relation with the market
Interest Rate Futures
Interest rate futures are derivative contracts whose underlying instrument is any instrument that bears interest.
Just like any other futures contract, interest rate futures also give the right and obligation to fulfil the terms of the contract on expiry.
The price of interest rate futures and the interest rate itself shares an inverse relationship. If interest rates move higher, then the futures will be less valuable.
Just like any other futures contract, interest rate futures also give the right and obligation to fulfil the terms of the contract on expiry.
The price of interest rate futures and the interest rate itself shares an inverse relationship. If interest rates move higher, then the futures will be less valuable.
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