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Finance GlossaryFair Value
Fair Value
Definition of Fair Value
The fair value of a stock, product, or service is the price at which the buyer and seller willingly agree on without being on the losing end of the deal. Think of fair value as a win-win situation for both parties, assuming that all conditions are normal.
Say Mr. Apple is offered to buy shares of Mr. Orange’s company at Rs. 1000 per share. Mr. Apple evaluates the business and figures out that he can sell the same shares for Rs. 1200, even though Mr. Orange is content to sell the shares at Rs. 200 lower. Both parties agree on the deal at Rs. 1000 because both view it as a good deal.
The formula for the fair value of a stock or index is:
Fair Value = Cash * { 1 + r (X / 360)} - D
Where,
Cash = Latest stock or index value
r = interest rate on purchase
x = number of days to contract expiry
Dividend = Dividends
The definition of fair value is slightly different in the futures market. In the futures market, the fair value is reached when the supply meets the demand, which simply means that the spot price is equal to the futures contractprice.
However, due to inherent volatility of the markets, the price of a futures contract is known to fluctuate around the fair value of a stock or index. Thus, in the fair value in the context of futures is what the price of the contract should be, given the value of the stock or index, dividends, and others.
Say Mr. Apple is offered to buy shares of Mr. Orange’s company at Rs. 1000 per share. Mr. Apple evaluates the business and figures out that he can sell the same shares for Rs. 1200, even though Mr. Orange is content to sell the shares at Rs. 200 lower. Both parties agree on the deal at Rs. 1000 because both view it as a good deal.
The formula for the fair value of a stock or index is:
Fair Value = Cash * { 1 + r (X / 360)} - D
Where,
Cash = Latest stock or index value
r = interest rate on purchase
x = number of days to contract expiry
Dividend = Dividends
The definition of fair value is slightly different in the futures market. In the futures market, the fair value is reached when the supply meets the demand, which simply means that the spot price is equal to the futures contractprice.
However, due to inherent volatility of the markets, the price of a futures contract is known to fluctuate around the fair value of a stock or index. Thus, in the fair value in the context of futures is what the price of the contract should be, given the value of the stock or index, dividends, and others.
Related Terms
Firm Allotment
Firm Allotment is the process of allocating shares during an IPO to investors who are not considered to be retail public investors. The firm allotment is done as per SEBI guidelines, which dictate that a portion of the IPO can be allocated to the likes of Mutual Funds, regular employees (permanent), and others.
The complete list of firm allotments for investors by allocation is as follows.
The complete list of firm allotments for investors by allocation is as follows.
- Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs): 30%
- Development Financial Institutions (DFIs): 20%
- Mutual Funds: 20%
- Regular Employees (permanent): 10%
- Employee of Promoting Company: 10%
- Lead Bankers: 5%
Any leftover percentage can be allocated to promoters.
Circuit Breaker
A circuit breaker or market curb is a measure that exchanges use to put a stop to all trading activities across an index or entire market. This regulatory measure is put in place to curb panic selling, especially when markets are in free fall.
That’s why circuit breakers are also known as trading curbs and are put in place when an index or market reaches a specific level. These are the current circuit breaker limits on NSE:
That’s why circuit breakers are also known as trading curbs and are put in place when an index or market reaches a specific level. These are the current circuit breaker limits on NSE:
| Circuit Breaker Trigger | Trading Halt Duration |
|---|---|
| 10% | 0-45 minutes |
| 15% | 45 minutes; 1 hour 45 minutes; rest of the day |
| 20% | Rest of the day |
Zero-Coupon Bond
A zero-coupon bond is a debt instrument that does not pay periodic interest but is issued at a deep discount to its face value. Investors earn returns when the bond matures at full value, such as purchasing a ₹1,000 bond for ₹700 and receiving ₹1,000 at maturity.
Cheapest To Deliver
Cheapest to deliver (CTD) refers to the cheapest or lowest priced security in a futures contract that a seller can deliver to a buyer who holds a long position.
Here’s the formula to calculate the cheapest security that can be delivered:
- Short position: Current price of security + accrued interest
- Long position: Settlement price x conversion factor + accrued interest
American Option
An American Option allows the contract holder to exercise the right any time before or on the expiry date. American style options contracts are not available in India.
Defensive Stock
A defensive stock refers to the shares of iconic companies that generate stable and consistent returns and dividends, regardless of the market conditions.
Defensive stocks are rare because companies that have defense against every market condition are rare.
While defensive stocks may not generate high returns, they are known to add stability and defense against declining economic conditions. In India, stock of ITC Limited is an example of a defensive stock.
Defensive stocks are rare because companies that have defense against every market condition are rare.
While defensive stocks may not generate high returns, they are known to add stability and defense against declining economic conditions. In India, stock of ITC Limited is an example of a defensive stock.
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