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Finance GlossaryInstitutional Investor
Institutional Investor
Definition of Institutional Investor
Institutional Investor refers to the often illegal act of trading shares based on information that is not publicly available, typically obtained through dubious sources.
This privileged access to confidential information is termed “Institutional Investor” because information is generally sourced through insiders or employees working at a publicly traded firm.
This privileged access to confidential information is termed “Institutional Investor” because information is generally sourced through insiders or employees working at a publicly traded firm.
Related Terms
Capital Gains Tax
Capital gains are profits, which means they can be taxed. The rate of taxation is based on the type of asset (debt/equity) and holding period. Here is the list of ways capital gains are taxed in India:
| Asset Type | Gains Type | Holding Period | Tax Rate |
|---|---|---|---|
| Equity | Short Term Capital Gains | < 1 year | 15% |
| Long Term Capital Gains | > 1 year | 10% | |
| Debt | Short Term Capital Gains | < 3 years | As per I-T slab |
| Long Term Capital Gains | > 3 years | 20% |
Pre-Market Trading
Pre-Market Trading is a trading session (9:00-9:08 AM for Equity) that takes place on an exchange before the start of normal market hours. India has a short pre-open session on both the NSE and BSE. This session is mainly for finding the price for the day and includes a restricted number of trade types. The pre-market session is important in absorbing news and events that have occurred overnight, which will decide the opening price for the different stocks, giving market participants an idea of how the market is likely to open.
Exponential Moving Average
Exponential Moving Average (EMA) is a technical indicator used to follow price trends over a specific period of time. EMA assigns more weight to recent prices than older prices. The formula to calculate EMA is:
Exponential Moving Average = (K x (CP - PP)) + PP
C: Current Price of stock, currency, commodity, etc. P: The EMA of preceding periods K: Exponential smoothing constant
A Simple Moving Average (SMA) is used to calculate the value of the first period. Furthermore, the EMA can be used to identify support and resistance areas. However, it may not be optimal for identifying precise entry and exit points.
Exponential Moving Average = (K x (CP - PP)) + PP
C: Current Price of stock, currency, commodity, etc. P: The EMA of preceding periods K: Exponential smoothing constant
A Simple Moving Average (SMA) is used to calculate the value of the first period. Furthermore, the EMA can be used to identify support and resistance areas. However, it may not be optimal for identifying precise entry and exit points.
Ask Size
The ask size is the number of units of a security that an investor is willing to sell at the ask or offer price.
Cash Reserve Ratio
Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) is the amount of liquid cash a bank has to deposit with the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), calculated as a percentage of the total deposit of the bank. The latest Cash Reserve Ratio in India is 4.5%.
There are two important uses of CRR:
There are two important uses of CRR:
- It acts as a reserve or collateral because banks borrow money from the RBI
-
The RBI decides the interest rate for borrowing based on the CRR
These two pointers become extremely important during high inflation as the RBI can hike interest rates with the assurance of having collateral from banks.
Fair Value
The fair value of a stock, product, or service is the price at which the buyer and seller willingly agree on without being on the losing end of the deal. Think of fair value as a win-win situation for both parties, assuming that all conditions are normal.
Say Mr. Apple is offered to buy shares of Mr. Orange’s company at Rs. 1000 per share. Mr. Apple evaluates the business and figures out that he can sell the same shares for Rs. 1200, even though Mr. Orange is content to sell the shares at Rs. 200 lower. Both parties agree on the deal at Rs. 1000 because both view it as a good deal.
The formula for the fair value of a stock or index is:
Fair Value = Cash * { 1 + r (X / 360)} - D
Where,
Cash = Latest stock or index value
r = interest rate on purchase
x = number of days to contract expiry
Dividend = Dividends
The definition of fair value is slightly different in the futures market. In the futures market, the fair value is reached when the supply meets the demand, which simply means that the spot price is equal to the futures contractprice.
However, due to inherent volatility of the markets, the price of a futures contract is known to fluctuate around the fair value of a stock or index. Thus, in the fair value in the context of futures is what the price of the contract should be, given the value of the stock or index, dividends, and others.
Say Mr. Apple is offered to buy shares of Mr. Orange’s company at Rs. 1000 per share. Mr. Apple evaluates the business and figures out that he can sell the same shares for Rs. 1200, even though Mr. Orange is content to sell the shares at Rs. 200 lower. Both parties agree on the deal at Rs. 1000 because both view it as a good deal.
The formula for the fair value of a stock or index is:
Fair Value = Cash * { 1 + r (X / 360)} - D
Where,
Cash = Latest stock or index value
r = interest rate on purchase
x = number of days to contract expiry
Dividend = Dividends
The definition of fair value is slightly different in the futures market. In the futures market, the fair value is reached when the supply meets the demand, which simply means that the spot price is equal to the futures contractprice.
However, due to inherent volatility of the markets, the price of a futures contract is known to fluctuate around the fair value of a stock or index. Thus, in the fair value in the context of futures is what the price of the contract should be, given the value of the stock or index, dividends, and others.
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